In the study, participants were told to press a button at any point during a 10 second interval, and their pupil size correlated with the timing of their decision. “Pupil dilation can betray an individual’s decision before it is openly revealed,” concluded a 2010 study led by Wolfgang Einhäuser-Treyer, a neurophysicist at The Philipp University of Marburg in Germany. And while they haven’t been reading people’s thoughts per se, they’ve come pretty close. Scientists have since used pupillometry to assess everything from sleepiness to introversion, race bias, schizophrenia, sexual interest, moral judgment, autism, and depression. Subsequent research found that the pupils of intelligent people (as defined by their SAT scores) dilated less in response to cognitive tasks compared to those of less intelligent participants, possibly indicating a more efficient use of brainpower. “The pupils reflect the extent of mental effort in an incredibly precise way,” Kahneman told the German news magazine Der Spiegel, adding, “I have never done any work in which the measurement is so precise.” When he instructed subjects to remember and recite a series of seven digits, their pupils grew steadily as the numbers were presented one-by-one and shrunk steadily as they unloaded the digits from memory. As Kahneman says in his recent book, Thinking Fast and Slow, he could divine when someone gave up on a multiplication problem simply by watching for pupil contraction during the experiment. Try 29 times 13, and they will widen further and remain dilated until you reach the answer or stop trying. Calculate 9 times 13, and you pupils will dilate slightly. Princeton psychologist Daniel Kahneman showed several decades ago that pupil size increases in proportion to the difficulty of the task at hand. By recording subjects’ eyes with infrared cameras and controlling for other factors that might affect pupil size, like brightness, color, and distance, scientists can use pupil movements as a proxy for other processes, like mental strain. In Tennessee, GoodRx is registered as a Prescription Drug Discount Plan Operator.The iris is made of two types of muscle: in a brightly lit environment, a ring of sphincter muscles that encircle and constrict the pupil down to as little as a couple of millimeters across in the dark, a set of dilator muscles laid out like bicycle spokes, which can expand the pupil up to 8 millimeters-approximately the diameter of a chickpea.Ĭognitive and emotional events can also dictate pupil constriction and expansion, though such events occur on a smaller scale than the light reflex, causing changes generally less than half a millimeter. In all states except Tennessee, GoodRx is considered a marketer of prescription discount cards. Please seek medical advice before starting, changing or terminating any medical treatment. All data provided is for informational purposes only and is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All trademarks, brands, logos and copyright images are property of their respective owners and rights holders. GoodRx provides no warranty for any pricing data or other information. To find your exact price, please contact the pharmacy (and note that the pharmacy will need to process the information shown on your coupon to confirm the price.) The prices we show are our best estimate while we believe our data to be accurate, prices change frequently and we can’t guarantee that the price we display will exactly match the price you receive at the pharmacy. Most of our coupons are provided by Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), who maintain contracts with pharmacies to provide discounts. GoodRx gathers prices and discounts from multiple sources, including published price lists, drug manufacturers, claims information and data provided to us by pharmacies.
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